Methods and apparatus for colorant reduction

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for performing colorant limitation are provided that receive input data, desired output response data and measured (or specified) output response data for a print output device, and determine converted input data that accounts for differences between the measured (or specified) output response data and the desired output responses of the printer. Converted input data may then be provided to a conventional colorant limitation algorithm for performing colorant limitation. Colorant-limited input data are then de-converted by accounting for differences between the desired output response data and the measured (or specified) output responses of the printer.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/351,230, filed 24 Jan. 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. ______.

BACKGROUND

This invention pertains to digital imaging. More particularly, thisinvention relates to methods and apparatus for reducing colorant used indigital printing.

A digital printer receives image data from a computer and placescolorant, such as ink or toner, on a sheet of receiving material, suchas paper or transparency plastic. The printer may use a variety ofdifferent technologies to transfer colorant to the page, includinginkjet, thermal dye transfer, thermal wax, electrophotographic, silverhalide, and other processes. High quality digital color printerstypically use a combination of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (“CMYK”)colorants, although some printers may use more than or less than thesefour colorants. Each individual colorant commonly is referred to as a“channel,” with the amount of colorant for each channel typicallyspecified as a percentage between 0 and 100%. Thus, on a four-colorprinter, the maximum amount of colorant that may be specified is 400%,corresponding to 100% on all four channels.

If excessive colorant is used, however, undesirable image artifacts suchas bleeding (an undesirable mixing of colorants along a boundary betweenprinted areas of different colorants), cockling (warping or deformationof the receiving material that may occur from using excessive colorant),flaking and smearing may result that produce an unacceptable print. Insevere cases, excessive ink may cause the receiving material to warp somuch that it interferes with the mechanical operation of the printer andmay damage the printer. In addition, for many color printers,satisfactory density and color reproduction can generally be achievedwithout using the maximum amount of colorant. Therefore, using excessivecolorant not only may cause undesirable image artifacts and may damage aprinter, but it also wastes colorant. Generally, the amount of colorantneeded to cause undesirable image artifacts (and therefore be consideredexcessive) depends on the receiver material, colorant and printertechnology.

To minimize the effects of excessive colorant, previously known printingsystems often include colorant limitation devices or methods. Referringto FIG. 1, a conventional colorant limitation system is described.Colorant limitation system 10 includes colorant limiter 12, whichreceives input data and provides colorant-limited input data to printoutput device 14, which generates a print document in accordance withthe colorant-limited input data. Previously known techniques forlimiting colorant usage, such as the system of FIG. 1, have typicallyperformed colorant reduction without including the effects of actualprint output device performance. For example, Allen et al. U.S. Pat. No.5,633,662 (“Allen”) describes a process for controlling ink volume inliquid ink printing systems by comparing the total specified ink volumeper pixel to a selected maximum total ink volume per pixel. Depleted inkvolumes are formed by applying a scaling factor to each pixel, or tothose pixels having ink volumes that exceed a threshold ink volume.Likewise, Li et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,896 (“Li”) describes an inklimiting algorithm in which pixels that exceed a total ink limit arereduced, with some pixels reduced to values that are significantly belowthe total ink limit. Neither Allen nor Li, however, describe inklimiting methods or apparatus that include a direct measurement ofactual printer behavior or specified behavior as part of the inkreduction determination.

Indeed, previously known colorant-reduction techniques typically areoptimized for speed, and do not consider variations in engine state thatmay significantly affect print device output. For example, a printoutput device may include one or more color channels, with each colorchannel having a nominal output response. As a result of ageing ordevice imperfections, one or more color channels may have an actualoutput response that differs from the nominal response. For example, theoutput of one color channel may be only 50% of the nominal output. As aresult, although the specified amount of colorant for that channel maybe 60%, the actual amount of colorant provided by the channel may beonly 30%. Nevertheless, a conventional ink limitation algorithm wouldoperate in the usual manner, although the print device actually cantolerate a higher specified amount of colorant because the actual outputhas already been limited by some other mechanism or defect.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide methods andapparatus for performing colorant limitation that prevent unnecessarycolorant limitation.

It further would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus forperforming colorant limitation that include the effects of actual printdevice performance.

It also would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus forperforming colorant limitation that may be modified to accommodatechanges in print output device performance.

It additionally would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus forperforming colorant limitation that include the effects of specifieddevice performance.

SUMMARY

This invention provides colorant limitation methods and apparatus thatreceive input data, desired output response data and measured (orspecified) output response data for a print output device, and thenconvert the input data to equivalent input data by accounting fordifferences between the desired output response data and measured (orspecified) output responses of the printer. The equivalent input dataare then provided to a conventional colorant limitation algorithm forcolorant limitation. The colorant-limited input data are then convertedto equivalent colorant-limited input data by again accounting fordifferences between the desired output response data and measured (orspecified) output responses of the printer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above-mentioned objects and features of the present invention can bemore clearly understood from the following detailed descriptionconsidered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the samereference numerals denote the same elements throughout, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a previously known colorant limitationsystem;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of colorantlimitation systems in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 3 is graph showing exemplary desired, measured and specified outputdensity responses versus input data value in percent;

FIG. 4 is another graph showing exemplary desired, measured andspecified output density responses versus input data value in percent;

FIG. 5A is a graph illustrating an exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Cyan channel in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 5B is a graph illustrating an exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Magenta channel in accordance with thisinvention;

FIG. 5C is a graph illustrating an exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Yellow channel in accordance with thisinvention;

FIG. 5D is a graph illustrating an exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Black channel in accordance with thisinvention;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary method forconverting input data in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary method forde-converting colorant-limited input data in accordance with thisinvention;

FIG. 8A is a graph illustrating another exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Cyan channel in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 8B is a graph illustrating another exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Magenta channel in accordance with thisinvention;

FIG. 8C is a graph illustrating another exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Yellow channel in accordance with thisinvention; and

FIG. 8D is a graph illustrating another exemplary method of performingcolorant limitation on a Black channel in accordance with thisinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides colorant limitation methods and apparatusthat receive input data and desired and measured (or specified) outputresponse data for a print output device, and then convert the input datato equivalent input data by accounting for differences between thedesired and measured (or specified) output responses of the printer.Methods and apparatus in accordance with this invention further providethe equivalent input data to a conventional colorant limitationalgorithm for performing colorant limitation. The colorant-limited inputdata are then converted to equivalent colorant-limited input data byagain accounting for differences between the desired and measured (orspecified) output responses of the printer. As used herein, a printer isany print output device, such as a printer, photocopier, facsimilemachine, or other similar print output device, that receives data andplaces colorant, such as ink or toner, on a sheet of receiving material,such as paper, using technologies such as inkjet, thermal dye transfer,thermal wax, electrophotographic, silver halide, or other similartechnologies.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an exemplary colorant limitation system inaccordance with this invention is described. Colorant limitation system16 includes converter 18, which receives input data and provides“equivalent” input data to colorant limiter 12. Colorant limiter 12provides colorant-limited input data to de-converter 20, which provides“equivalent” colorant limited input data for printing by printer 14.Input data may be, for example, CMYK input data provided by colorprocessing software and/or hardware, computer memory, or any source ofcolor data. Input data alternatively may include colorants other than C,M, Y and K, or may include fewer than or more than four colorants. Asdescribed in more detail below, converter 18 also receives desired andmeasured (or specified) output response data characterizing the responseof printer 14. Colorant limiter 12 may be any software and/or hardwarethat implements a conventional colorant limitation algorithm, such as adensity-based, area-based, or similar colorant limitation algorithm.De-converter 20 may provide equivalent colorant-limited input datadirectly to printer 14, or may provide the data to other hardware and/orsoftware for additional processing prior to printing by printer 14.

The output of a color printer may be characterized as a function ofinput data values for each colorant. This characterization may beperformed by measuring the output response of the printer, or may bespecified as a target output response for the printer. For example, theoutput response of a printer may be measured by printing known values ofsingle-channel colorants, and then measuring the printed sample using ameasuring device such as a densitometer, spectrometer, calorimeter,spectro-photometer, or other device that provides an output that is afunction of the spectrum of the printed sample. This process typicallyis repeated for a range of input data values for each color channel.

Referring now to FIG. 3, curve 22 represents an exemplary measuredoutput density response of a single channel as a function of input datavalues in percent. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understandthat printer output characterization alternatively may be described interms of other output response values (e.g., XYZ values, CIELAB values,spectral amplitude values, ink volumes, colorant weights, or othersimilar values), and that input data values alternatively may bedescribed in terms of other values (e.g., numeric color counts, colorantduty ratio, or other similar values).

The measured output response of a printer typically varies from printerto printer, even for the same model printer. To compensate for thisvariation, many color processing systems include color calibration tomatch a printer's output response to a specified target output response.For example, referring again to FIG. 3, curve 24 represents an exemplaryspecified output density response of a single channel as a function ofinput data values in percent. To achieve the specified output densityresponse, previously known color processing systems include softwareand/or hardware that maps “calibrated” input values having a specifiedoutput response to equivalent “uncalibrated” input values whose measuredoutput response substantially equals the specified output response.

In addition to the measured and specified output responses, a “desired”output response may be obtained which represents the output response ofa printer at a colorant limit at which no negative image artifactsresult. The desired output response may be specified by the printermanufacturer. Alternatively, the desired output response may be obtainedby empirical measurements, or may be obtained using any suitabletechnique for obtaining a desired output response. For example, aparticular printer may be selected as a “golden master” printer whoseperformance will be used as a benchmark for specifying a desired outputdensity response for that model of printer. By operating the goldenmaster printer under a wide range of input data values on all colorantchannels, a colorant limit may be determined at which no negative imageartifacts result. Once the colorant limit is determined, the outputdensity response of each colorant channel may be measured as a functionof input data values, and these measured values may be set as thedesired output response for that printer model. Referring again to FIG.3, curve 26 represents an exemplary desired output density response of asingle channel as a function of input data values in percent.

Referring now to FIG. 4, distinctions between a printer's desired,measured and specified output response characteristics are described.Curve 26 represents an exemplary desired output density response for aprinter for a single channel (e.g., CYAN) at a specific colorant limit(e.g., 200%). Curve 22 represents an exemplary measured output densityresponse of the printer, and curve 24 represents an exemplary specifiedoutput density response for the same printer. Because of componentvariations and imperfections, the measured output density response of aprinter typically will not identically match the printer's desiredoutput density response or the specified output density response.Further, the measured output density response of a printer typicallychanges over time, and the differences between the measured outputresponse and the desired and specified output responses may continue toincrease as the printer ages.

In addition, desired output density response 26 may differ from measuredoutput density response 22 and specified output density response 24 formost input data values. That is, a single input data value maycorrespond to three different output density values. Likewise, a singleoutput density response may correspond to three unique input datavalues. For example, an output density response of approximately 0.76corresponds to a calibrated input data value of 70% (illustrated byreference point 28), an uncalibrated input value of 55.2% (illustratedby reference point 30) and a desired input value of 50.4% (illustratedby reference point 32).

Although the output responses represented by curve 22, 24 and 26 differ,the data on each curve may be mapped to equivalent data points on theother two curves. Thus, in example described above, a calibrated inputof 70% maps to an equivalent uncalibrated input of 55.2%, and also mapsto an equivalent desired input of 50.4%. Colorant limitation methods andapparatus in accordance with this invention may be used with calibratedand uncalibrated input data values. In the former case, a calibrationstep follows colorant limitation to map calibrated input values touncalibrated input values. In the latter case, a calibration stepprecedes colorant limitation to map calibrated input values touncalibrated input values. For simplicity, the remainder of thisdescription will refer primarily to colorant limitation methods andapparatus that use uncalibrated input data values. However, theprinciples of this invention are also applicable to colorant limitationmethods and apparatus that use calibrated input data values.

Conventional colorant limitation algorithms typically operate withoutregard to the difference between the measured output density responseand the desired output density response. In this regard, conventionalcolorant limitation algorithms operate as though the measured outputdensity response of a printer matches the desired output densityresponse. As a result, if a conventional colorant limitation algorithmwere used with a printer having a single-channel output density responseas shown by curve 22, the colorant limitation algorithm maysubstantially over-limit the colorant used to create an image.

To overcome this deficiency, methods and apparatus in accordance withthis invention incorporate measured print output device performance intothe colorant limitation process. Referring again to FIG. 2, converter 18receives uncalibrated input data and desired and measured outputresponse data characterizing the output response of printer 14, andprovides colorant limiter 12 with equivalent uncalibrated input datathat accounts for differences between the desired and measured outputresponse of the printer. (For systems that use calibrated input datavalues, converter 18 receives calibrated input data and desired andspecified output response data characterizing the output response ofprinter 14, and provides colorant limiter 12 with equivalent calibratedinput data). Colorant limiter 12 may implement any conventional colorantlimitation algorithm, which performs colorant limitation and thenprovides colorant-limited input data to de-converter 20. In this regard,colorant limitation system 16 includes measured (or specified)characteristics of printer 14 in the colorant limitation process.

As described above, the desired output response data may be obtainedfrom the printer manufacturer, may be determined empirically, or may beobtained using any other equivalent technique for describing the desiredoutput response of a printer. For a printer that includes multiplecolorants, the desired output response of each colorant may be describedas a function of input data values for that colorant. For example, in aCMYK printer, the desired output response of the C-channel may bedescribed as a function of input data values on the C-channel, thedesired output response of the M-channel may be described as a functionof input data values on the M-channel, the desired output response ofthe Y-channel may be described as a function of input data values on theY-channel, and the desired output response of the K-channel may bedescribed as a function of input data values on the K-channel.

As also described above, a printer's output response may becharacterized as density values, XYZ values, CIELAB values, spectralamplitude values, ink volumes, colorant weights, or other suitablevalues, and input data values may be specified in terms of percent(e.g., 50% C), numeric color counts (e.g., C=128), colorant duty ratio(e.g., 0.5 C), or other suitable values. Persons of ordinary skill inthe art will understand that all such techniques for characterizing theoutput of a printer are within the scope of this invention. The printeroutput response may be provided by a densitometer, spectrometer,spectrophotometer, calorimeter, or other suitable device. The device maybe separate from the printer, or may be included as part of the printerdevice. For simplicity, the following discussion will describe theoutput response of a printer in terms of output density as a function ofinput data values in percent.

The desired output density response may be specified for multiple inputdata values from 0% to 100% for each colorant. The output density valuesmay then be interpolated to estimate the desired output density responseover the entire range of input data values for each colorant. FIGS.5A-5D illustrate exemplary desired output density response values foreach colorant channel of printer 14. In particular, FIG. 5A illustratesdesired output density response values 40 for the C-channel of theprinter, FIG. 5B illustrates desired output density response values 60for the M-channel of the printer, FIG. 5C illustrates desired outputdensity response values 80 for the Y-channel of the printer, and FIG. SDillustrates desired output density response values 100 for the K-channelof the printer.

Next, the measured output response of print output device 14 isdetermined. For example, in accordance with previously-known techniques,the output density response of each colorant channel may be measured fornumerous input data values. To obtain the measured output densityresponse for each colorant, the output density response may be measuredfor multiple input data values from 0% to 100% of that colorant. Theoutput density values may then be interpolated to estimate the measuredoutput response over the entire range of input data values. This processis repeated for each colorant.

FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate exemplary measured output density response valuesfor each colorant channel of printer 14. In particular, FIG. 5Aillustrates measured output density response values 42 for theC-channel, FIG. 5B illustrates measured output density response values62 for the M-channel, FIG. 5C illustrates measured output densityresponse values 82 for the Y-channel, and FIG. 5D illustrates exemplarymeasured output density response values 102 for the K-channel. As shownin each of FIGS. 5A-5D, the desired output density response values ofeach color channel may differ from the measured output density responsevalues for most input data values. Persons of ordinary skill in the artwill understand that the order for obtaining desired and measured outputdensity response values may be interchanged.

In accordance with known techniques, the desired and measured outputdensity response values may be used directly, or may be converted fromone measurement system to another measurement system. For example, aprinter manufacturer may specify the desired output density responseaccording to American National Standards Unit (“ANSI”) STATUS A, STATUST, Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (“DIN”) 16536, or DIN 16536 NBdensity standards, but a user may obtain measured output densityresponse values from a densitometer that provides output according tosome other standard. Thus, the measured output density responsemeasurements may be converted to the same standard used to characterizethe desired density response. Further, the desired and measured outputdensity response values may be stored in a convenient form such thatthey may easily be retrieved. For example, output density responsevalues may be stored in a lookup table, or curve-fitting techniques maybe used to determine mathematical equations that describe the desiredand measured output density responses of print output device 14.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 6, the operation of converter 18 isdescribed using exemplary uncalibrated input data. In particular, FIG. 6illustrates the operation of converter 18 for a single color channel ofinput data. At step 120, input data are received. Next, at step 122, themeasured output response corresponding to the input data value isdetermined. As mentioned above, measured output response data may bestored in a lookup table indexed by input data values. Thus, step 122may be performed by retrieving from the lookup table the measured outputdensity response data corresponding to the input data value. As part ofthis process, interpolation techniques may be used to determine themeasured output density response for the exact input data value. At step124, an equivalent input value is determined whose desired outputresponse substantially equals the measured output response determined instep 122. Thus, if desired output response data also are stored in alookup table indexed by input data values, a “reverse lookup” may beperformed to determine the equivalent input value whose desired outputresponse substantially equals the measured output response. Theequivalent input data are then provided to colorant limitation algorithm12. This process is repeated for each color channel, and for each inputdata value.

The process of FIG. 6 is illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5D, using exemplaryinput data values: 50% C, 50% Y, 50% M and 70% K. First, for each colorchannel, the measured output density response values corresponding tothe input data values are determined. As shown in FIGS. 5A-5D, the inputdata values have measured output density response values of 0.65 for theC-channel (illustrated by reference point 44), 0.61 for the M-channel(illustrated by reference point 64), 0.59 for the Y-channel (illustratedby reference point 84), and 1.02 for the K-channel (illustrated byreference point 104).

Next, for each colorant channel, equivalent input data are determinedwhose desired output density response substantially equals the measuredoutput response determined in the previous step. As shown in FIGS.5A-5D, reference points 46, 66, 86 and 106 illustrate desired outputresponse values that substantially equal the measured output responsevalues for the C, M, Y and K channels, respectively. These referencepoints correspond to equivalent input data values of 46.8% C, 46.6% M,44.8% Y, and 57.6% K, respectively. Persons of ordinary skill in the artwill understand that a lookup table may be created for each colorantchannel that provides equivalent input data values addressed by inputdata values.

Referring again to FIG. 2, equivalent input data are provided tocolorant limiter 12, which may implement any conventional density-based,area-based, or similar colorant limitation algorithm. For example, thecolorant limitation may be performed using any conventionalMurray-Davies, Yule-Nielsen, density or area-based approach. The choiceof algorithm is not critical to this invention. The important factor isthat the measured printer state has already been taken into account whencomputing the colorant limitation.

To illustrate, colorant limiter 12 may implement the followingdensity-based colorant limitation rule:

Colorant Limit: 200.

K: no change.

C, M, Y: scale proportionally to meet Colorant Limit.

Thus, in the example described above, under a conventional colorantlimitation method, nominal input data values 50% C, 50% M, 50% Y and 70%K (total colorant=220%) would be converted by the above algorithm to thefollowing colorant-limited input data values: 43.3% C (illustrated byreference point 48), 43.3% M (illustrated by reference point 68), 43.3%Y (illustrated by reference point 88) and 70% K (illustrated byreference point 108). In contrast, in accordance with this invention,the equivalent input data values of 46.8% C, 46.6% M, 44.8% Y, and 57.6%K (total colorant=195.77) require no colorant limitation. As a result,the colorant-limited input data values would be: 46.8% C (illustrated byreference point 46), 46.6% M (illustrated by reference point 66), 44.8%Y (illustrated by reference point 86), and 57.6% K (illustrated byreference point 108).

As shown in FIG. 2, colorant limiter 12 provides colorant-limited inputdata to de-converter 20. FIG. 7 illustrates the operation ofde-converter 20 for a single color channel of input data. At step 126,colorant-limited input data are received. Next, at step 128, the desiredoutput response corresponding to the input data value is determined. Asmentioned above, desired output response data may be stored in a lookuptable indexed by input data values. Thus, step 128 may be performed byretrieving from the lookup table the desired output density responsedata corresponding to the colorant-limited input data value. As part ofthis process, interpolation techniques may be used to determine thedesired output density response for the exact input data value. At step130, an equivalent input value is determined whose measured outputresponse substantially equals the desired output response determined instep 128. Thus, if measured output response data also are stored in alookup table indexed by input data values, a “reverse lookup” may beperformed to determine the equivalent colorant-limited input value whosemeasured output response substantially equals the desired outputresponse. The equivalent colorant-limited input data may then beprovided to printer 14 for printing, or may be provided to other colorprocessing stages prior to printing by printer 14. This process isrepeated for each color channel, and for each colorant-limited inputdata value.

Continuing with the above example, the operation of de-converter 20 isillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 5A-5D. First, for each color channel, thedesired output density response values corresponding to thecolorant-limited input data values are determined. As shown in FIGS.5A-5D, the colorant-limited input data values have desired outputdensity response values of 0.65 for the C-channel (illustrated byreference point 46), 0.61 for the M-channel (illustrated by referencepoint 66), 0.59 for the Y-channel (illustrated by reference point 86),and 1.02 for the K-channel (illustrated by reference point 106).

Next, for each colorant channel, equivalent colorant-limited input dataare determined whose measured output density response substantiallyequals the desired output response determined in the previous step. Asshown in FIGS. 5A-5D, reference points 44, 64, 84 and 104 illustratemeasured output response values that substantially equal the desiredoutput response values for the C, M, Y and K channels, respectively.These reference points correspond to colorant-limited equivalent inputdata values of 50% C, 50% M, 50% Y, and 70% K. Persons of ordinary skillin the art will understand that a lookup table may be created for eachcolorant channel that provides equivalent colorant-limited input datavalues addressed by colorant-limited input data values.

Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 8A-8D, the operation of converter 18 isdescribed using exemplary calibrated input data. FIGS. 8A-8D illustrateexemplary desired and specified output density response values for eachcolorant channel of print output device 14. In particular, FIGS. 8A-8Dillustrate desired output density response values 40, 60, 80 and 100 forthe C-channel, M-channel, Y-channel and K-channel, respectively. Inaddition, FIG. 8A illustrates specified output density response values42′, 62′, 82′ and 102′ for the C-channel, M-channel, Y-channel andK-channel, respectively. As shown in each of FIGS. 5A-5D, the desiredoutput density response values of each color channel may differ from thespecified output density response values for most input data values.

The process of FIG. 6 is illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8D, using exemplaryinput data values: 90% C, 90% Y, 90% M and 90% K (total colorant=360%).First, for each color channel, the specified output density responsevalues corresponding to the input data values are determined. As shownin FIGS. 8A-8D, the input data values have specified output densityresponse values of 1.22 for the C-channel (illustrated by referencepoint 44′), 1.14 for the M-channel (illustrated by reference point 64′),0.85 for the Y-channel (illustrated by reference point 84′), and 1.30for the K-channel (illustrated by reference point 104′).

Next, for each colorant channel, equivalent input data are determinedwhose desired output density response substantially equals the specifiedoutput response determined in the previous step. As shown in FIGS.8A-8D, reference points 46′, 66′, 86′ and 106′ illustrate desired outputresponse values that substantially equal the specified output responsevalues for the C, M, Y and K channels, respectively. These referencepoints correspond to equivalent input data values of 64.3% C, 71.8% M,65.7% Y, and 67.0% K, respectively. As described above, a lookup tablemay be created for each colorant channel that provides equivalent inputdata values addressed by input data values.

Referring again to FIG. 2, the equivalent input data values are providedto colorant limiter 12. In this example, colorant limiter 12 mayimplement the following colorant limitation rule:

Colorant Limit: 250.

K: no change.

C, M, Y: scale proportionally to meet Colorant Limit.

Thus, in the example described above, under a conventional colorantlimitation method, input data values 90% C, 90% M, 90% Y and 90% K(total colorant=360%) would be colorant-limited by the above algorithmto 53.3% C, 53.3% M, 53.3% Y and 90% K (total colorant=249.9%). Incontrast, in accordance with this invention, the equivalent input datavalues of 64.3% C, 71.8% M, 65.7% Y, and 67.0% K (total colorant=268.8%)would be colorant-limited by the above algorithm to 58.31% C(illustrated by reference point 50), 65.11% M (illustrated by referencepoint 70), 59.58% Y (illustrated by reference point 90) and 67.0% K(illustrated by reference point 106′) (total colorant=250%).

Referring again to FIG. 2, colorant limiter 12 provides colorant-limitedinput data to de-converter 20. The operation of de-converter 20 isillustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8A-8D. First, for each color channel, thedesired output density response values corresponding to thecolorant-limited input data values are determined. As shown in FIGS.8A-8D, the colorant-limited input data values have desired outputdensity response values of 1.06 for the C-channel (illustrated byreference point 50), 1.05 for the M-channel (illustrated by referencepoint 70), 0.80 for the Y-channel (illustrated by reference point 90),and 1.30 for the K-channel (illustrated by reference point 106′).

Next, for each colorant channel, equivalent colorant-limited input dataare determined whose specified output density response substantiallyequals the desired output response determined in the previous step. Asshown in FIGS. 8A-8D, reference points 52, 72, 92 and 104′ illustratespecified output response values that substantially equal the desiredoutput response values for the C, M, Y and K channels, respectively.These reference points correspond to colorant-limited equivalent inputdata values of 83.43% C, 86.08% M, 86.81% Y, and 90% K. Persons ofordinary skill in the art will understand that a lookup table may becreated for each colorant channel that provides equivalentcolorant-limited input data values addressed by colorant-limited inputdata values.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art also will understand that thatmethods and apparatus in accordance with this invention may be modifiedto accommodate changes in print output device performance. For example,the output performance of a print output device may degrade as thedevice ages, and the differences between the measured and desired deviceperformance may increase with time. Alternatively, the outputperformance of one of more color channels may experience some suddenfailure that changes the measured output response of the printer. Suchchanges may be accommodated by periodically measuring the outputresponse of the printer, and updating the data provided to converter 18.

Persons of ordinary skill in the art further will understand thatmethods in accordance with this invention may be implemented in computersoftware and/or hardware. In particular, methods in accordance with thisinvention may be implemented using any program language that may be usedto program a programmable printer. Persons of ordinary skill in the artalso will recognize that methods and apparatus in accordance with thisinvention may be implemented using steps or devices other than thoseshown and discussed above. For example although the discussion above hasdescribed the invention for a CMYK print system, methods and apparatusin accordance with this invention are not limited to CMYK print systems.Thus, this invention is equally applicable to print systems that includeany number of colorants, such as CMY printers, printers that includecolors in addition to CMYK (such as light cyan, light magenta, or RGB)or printers that may use other colors altogether (such as spot colors).All such modifications are within the scope of the present invention,which is limited only by the claims that follow.

1. A system for use with a printer having first and second outputresponses as a function of input data values, the system comprising: aconverter adapted to: (a) receive an input data value, first outputresponse data, and second output response data, and (b) determine aconverted input data value whose first output response valuesubstantially equals the second output response value of the input datavalue; a colorant limiter adapted to determine a colorant-limited inputdata value corresponding to the converted input data value; and ade-converter adapted to: (a) receive the colorant-limited input data,first output response data, and second output response data, and (b)determine an equivalent colorant-limited input data value whose secondoutput response value substantially equals the first output responsevalue of the colorant-limited input data value.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein the converter comprises a lookup table.
 3. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the input data comprises C, M, Y and K data.
 4. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the first output response comprises an outputdensity response.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second outputresponse comprises an output density response.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein the colorant limiter comprises a density-based colorantlimitation algorithm.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the colorantlimiter comprises an area-based colorant limitation algorithm.
 8. Amethod for use with a printer having a first output response and asecond output response, the method comprising: determining a convertedinput data value whose first output response value substantially equalsthe second output response value of the input data value;colorant-limiting the converted input data; and determining anequivalent colorant-limited input data value whose second outputresponse substantially equals the first output response value of thecolorant-limited input data value.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein theinput data comprises C, M, Y and K data.
 10. The method of claim 8,wherein the first output response comprises an output density response.11. The method of claim 8, wherein the second output response comprisesan output density response.
 12. The method of claim 8, whereincolorant-limiting comprises density-based colorant-limiting.
 13. Themethod of claim 8, wherein colorant-limiting comprises area-basedcolorant-limiting.
 14. Apparatus for use with a printer having first andsecond output responses as a function of input data values, theapparatus comprising: a first means for mapping input data values toconverted input data values by mapping first output response data tosecond output response data; a colorant limiter means for colorantlimiting the converted input data values; and a second means for mappingcolorant-limited input data values to equivalent colorant-limited inputdata values by mapping second output response data to first outputresponse data.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first meanscomprises a lookup table.
 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein theinput data comprises C, M, Y and K data.
 17. The apparatus of claim 14,wherein the first output response data comprises output density responsedata.
 18. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the second output responsedata comprises output density response data.
 19. The apparatus of claim14, wherein the colorant limiter means performs density-based colorantlimiting.
 20. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the colorant limitermeans performs area-based colorant limiting.